This key is a guide to orientate yourself. It is no guarantee for a definite identification. In fact it is often very difficult to identify a species based on one shell. You have to know the variation within a population at a specific location. And, to be honest, we don’t know how many species there are and what separates them.

It is very hard to identify a species based on morphology alone, because most original descriptions are inadequate. A number of species is not distinguishable.

1Aperture oval2
Aperture circular5
2Shell strongly curved, like a saddleA. excavata
Shell otherwise3
3Aperture without poresA. lichenophila
Aperture with pores4
4Dorsal surface without ribsG. ovaliformis
Dorsal surface with more or less clear ribsG. catinus
5Shell with spines or projections6
Shell otherwise8
6Shell base with numerous sharply pointed spinesrota
Shell with fewer and less sharply pointed projections7
7Shell base with some conical projectionsG. dentata
Shell crowned with some conical projectionsG. corona
8Shell resembling a pie or sand cake  A. formosa
Shell not resembling a pie or sand cake9
9Shell balloon shaped, more or less spherical 10
 –Shell  otherwise14
10 Pseudostome smooth11
 –Pseudostome with undulations or lobes12
11Shell with distinct neckA. nordestina
 –Shell without distinct neckA. jeanelli
12Pseudostome cross-shaped, with four lobesA. peruviana
Pseudostome with many lobes13
13Shell smooth, sometimes with small undulations, 80-200 µm in diameterA. mitrata
Shell with distinct ribs, 80-90 µm in diameterA. spectabilis
14Shell diameter >= height15
Shell diameter < height26
15Shell height < 1/3 of shell diameter16
 –Shell height > 1/3 of shell diameter17
16Shell  diameter > 180 µmG. megastoma
 –Shell  diameter < 180 µmG. discoides
17Shell base usually not purely circular, but irregular or angular18
 –Shell base usually circular 19
18Shell diameter < 140 µmG. catinus
 –Shell diameter > 150 µmG. artocrea
19Shell surface with folds, sculptures or depressions    20
 –Shell  surface usually smooth23
20Dorsal surface with some dents or sculptures G. arenaria
 –Shell surface angular or with depressions 21
21Dorsal surface with depressionsA. intermedia
A. gibbosa
 –Sides with rib-like structures22
22Shell apex pointed, in side view resembling a tentA. conica
Shell apex flat, in side view resembling a trapezoidA. costata
23Aperture irregular, crenulatedA. crenulata
 –Aperture smooth24
24Shell base flat like the edge of a hat, striated

A. brasiliensis

 –Shell base not flat, not striated

25

25Shell diameter > 75 µm;  shell with basal rimA. vulgaris
 –Shell diameter < 75 µm; shell hemispherical without any rimA. hemisphaerica
26Shell hat-shaped, with broad flat edgeA. rukiensis
Shell otherwise27
27Shell resembling a a Greek amphoraA. apicata
Shell resembling Gandalf’s hatA. gandalfi
Ferry Siemensma, created February 27, 2019; last modified October 29, 2024
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